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What is a Microprocessor? Microprocessors take the instructions and data from the computer's software and hardware via its internal bus and executes them to produce a result. Microprocessors are often referred to as CPUs (Central Processing Units), but, in reality, their design can vary greatly depending on their functionality. For example, some microprocessors may be designed exclusively for graphics processing while other designs may be more general purpose or geared towards specific applications such as math acceleration. Even within these broad categories of function there are many different types of microprocessor that might be chosen by a designer based on their needs: everything from the number of cores they contain to how much cache memory they have available. The information in this section is intended to give the reader a better understanding of what goes into choosing a microprocessor for a given application and how it can be used to help in performance optimization. The term 'microprocessor' is derived from the fact that they were, and in many cases still are, manufactured using very small processing cores in order to reduce both power consumption and cost. The first microprocessors were monolithic devices, meaning that everything was integrated on one chip, but this design soon proved limiting as more advanced features became necessary on the logic of the CPU. Today, microprocessors can be found in both monolithic and multicore designs. Some microprocessors may contain more than one processing core or many processing cores in a single chip package. These multi-core systems are called multi-core processors and they provide the ability to perform multiple operations in parallel on the same set of instructions (e.g., add two numbers without executing them twice). This type of architecture also enables designers to add additional functionality such as cache memory or more processing cores into their design when needed. The following sections present two example microprocessors that represent the range of core and core-count options available to most designers. Overview of an Intel Pentium processor: The Intel Pentium processor is a 32-bit, multi-core, superscalar microprocessor produced by the Intel Corporation. It is generally considered one of their most successful designs and has been manufactured in many different core count, cache memory and clock frequency configurations. The Pentium uses a Harvard architecture that separates code and data into separate storage areas called Harvard referring to the fact that it was originally designed as a research platform at Harvard University. This separation of code and data has a number of benefits including: The Intel Pentium processor contains 2 MB of L1 cache, called the L1 cache, and 2 MB of L2 cache, called the L2 cache. These caches are used to store frequently accessed data. Because they are smaller than system memory (RAM), however, they store only a portion of it; more rarely-used information is stored in the main memory (RAM). The L1 cache is split into two parts: the instruction cache and the data cache which allows them to be implemented with significantly less transistors that complements their own performance increases. cfa1e77820
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